A star camera was a part of the sensor systems on Federation Starfleet Constitution-class starships in the mid-23rd century.
In 2266, after being hit by a cosmic storm, Spock noticed a fault in the USS Enterprise's star camera; it had been taking the same image for the last ten consecutive shots. Spock requested the Enterprise's repair wagons be launched to inspect the star camera's aerial on the exterior of the ship to try and diagnose the problem. (TOS comic: "Life Form Nonexistent")